Karpathy: Software Is Changing, Again (Software 3.0)
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| Item | Details |
|---|---|
| Speaker | Andrej Karpathy |
| Channel | Y Combinator |
| Date | Jun 18, 2025 |
| Duration | 39:31 |
| Format | Video |
| Topics | #llm · #engineering · #open-source |
Why it matters
Karpathy — OpenAI founding member and former Tesla AI director — frames 'Software 3.0': 1.0 is code, 2.0 is neural-net weights, and 3.0 is programming LLMs in natural language. With metaphors like 'LLMs are the new OS' and 'partial-autonomy products', he lays out how software should be designed in the AI era.
Key takeaways
- Three paradigms of software: 1.0 write code, 2.0 tune weights, 3.0 write prompts in English.
- LLMs are like early mainframe OS: expensive compute, centrally hosted, time-shared.
- LLM 'psychology': a people-simulator trained on all human text, with superhuman memory but also hallucinations.
- Great products are 'partially autonomous': AI generates, humans verify — minimize verification cost.
- Everyone can program now — the biggest opportunity is non-programmers building software in natural language.
Original video
- Speaker
- Andrej Karpathy
- Channel
- Y Combinator
- Venue
- Talk at YC AI Startup School, San Francisco
- Date · Duration
- Jun 18, 2025 · 39:31
Andrej Karpathy: Software Is Changing (Again)
Watch the original on YouTubeSources & Further Reading
This page is grounded in the authoritative sources below — verifiable and citable by AI engines and readers.
- 👤 Person: Andrej Karpathy
- # Topic: LLMsLLM capabilities, products and best practices
- # Topic: EngineeringAPIs, prompting and system design
- # Topic: Open SourceOpen models, frameworks and ecosystems
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